تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية level 7

Level 7

Gerund (its pronunciation is djerend) :

A gerund is used :

1) After certain prepositions (بعد حروف الجر) :
- He is interested in learning English .
- I'm accustomed to getting up early.
- We're looking forward to seeing you .
- She went on crying all the time .
- They talked about solving the problems.

2) After certain expressions (بعد بعض اصطلاحات)
(go on , carry on , keep on , be used to , got used to , no use , worth , give up , would you mind) :
- He kept on interrupting us.
- I'm used to getting up early.
- I got used to getting up early.

لاحظ ان

am used to
أكثر في التعود من
got used to
أي أن في بداية التعود نستخدم got
ثم بعد التعود تماما نستخدم am أو يعني verb be .

- This car is nice , it's worth buying.
- There is no use trying this again.
- I don't feel like eating lunch.
- will you give up smoking.
- Would you mind giving it to me.

3) Gerund is also used as a subject of a sentence (في البداية أو كمبتدأ) :

- Learning English is very important.
- Driving quickly can be dangerous.
- Swimming and walking are good exercises.

4) And as an object of a sentence when it (the gerund) comes after the following verbs (بعد أفعال) :

(enjoy , like , dislike , love , hate , begin , stop , finish , avoid , appreciate , mind, consider , discuss , delay , go , hear , imagine , keep, give up , prevent).

- I'll go when I've finished doing my work.
- They enjoy praying.
- I can't imagine Magdy driving a truck.
- Stop talking.
- She likes walking.
- It started raining last night.
- Would you mind giving it to me. (

--- الجزء القادم قد يكون صعب ، إذا أردت تأجيله يكون أفضل ولكنه يتعلق بنفس الموضوع لذلك كتبناه هنا.
وهنا يفضل توضيح الفرق بين استعمال ال gerund وبين استعمال ال infinitive وهو أصل أو مصدر الفعل (verb )

فيوجد بعض الأفعال التي يمكن أن نضع بعدها gerund أو (infinitive to + ) بدون تغيير معنى الجملة

ويوجد بعض أفعال أخرى يتغير المعنى إذا وضعنا بعدها gerund عن إذا وضعنا بعدها ((to + infinitive .

1) مايلي هي أفعال ممكن نضع بعدها أي من الاثنين بدون تغيير في المعنى :
Like , hate , start , begin , prefer

- She likes walking = She likes to walk
- It started raining last night = It started to rain last night.

2) ومايلي هي أفعال يتغير بعدها المعنى إذا وضعنا بعدها gerund عن إذا وضعنا بعدها (to + infinitive) .
Stop , try

- He stopped playing . He stopped to play .
- Try swimming . Try to swim .

حيث الجملة الأولى (باضافة ing ) يكون المقصود بها : نوع من التجربة أو الاختبار أو التغيير : مثل :
I have had a headache for 2 hours now, I tried taking an aspirin but it didn't help.

والثانية (to + infinitive) يكون المقصود بها : لمرة واحدة أو في أي وقت أو بصفة عامة، مثل :
Try to be quiet when you come home late , everyone will be asleep.

--- وكما عملنا اسماء في ال gerund باضافة ing في الآخر ، هكذا أيضا يمكن عمل اسماء بالاضافات التالية في نهاية الكلمات :
To form nouns : we add suffixes)
some of which are

-ness (kindness)
-ship (friendship)
-hood (childhood)
-ry (bakery)
-ism (socialism)
-ist (scientist)
-ion (invention)
-ation (information)
-ance (ignorance)
-ency (presidency)
-r (maker)
-er / -ar / -or (actor) .

___________________________________________

The Arabic Alphabet الحروف الأبجدية العربية

وهي ضرورية في حالة الترجمة من عربي لانجليزي ، أي عند استخدام قاموس عربي- انجليزي
أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي
وعندما نحتاج معرفة معنى كلمة عربي بالانجليزي
نرجع الكلمة لأصلها ثم نبحث عنها في القاموس

مثال :-
كلمة "يشتغل" نجدها هي وكل مشتقاتها في "شغل"
وكذلك مثلا كلمة "يلعبون" نجدها هي وكل مشتقاتها في "لعب" . وبالتالي تكون ترجمة يشتغل هي "He works"
وترجمة يلعبون هي "They play" .

Things to Know :

Subjects : A subject tells who or what is doing the main verb . It can be a regular noun, pronoun or a gerund.

Appositives : An appositive is simply a noun phrase that defines the subject. It must be identical to the subject and provide additional information. A comma must immediately precede and follow the appositive.
Ex.: Aids, a highly infectious disease, causes death.

Modifiers : They describe or give more information about the subject, verb, or other modifiers.
Ex.: Canada, which has a small population, covers slightly more territory than the United States does.
N.B. Adjectives are modifiers for nouns, and adverbs are modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

Subordinations (modifying clauses) : They combine two or more sentences into one sentence. The subordinate clause usually contains a relative pronoun.

Relative pronouns are :
Who / which / that / when / whose / where
Ex.: He plays with a ball.
The ball is blue
He plays with a ball that is blue.

Conjunctions : They express a relationship between ideas.
There are two basic types of conjunctions :

1) those that show agreement between ideas, like :

because
also
in addition to
such as
as well as
as

2) Those that show disagreement between ideas, like :

Although
but
however
despite
in spite of
whereas

Conjuncion Patterns : like : either … or
neither … nor
both … and
such … as
not only … but also

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